Conveying equipment

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The business scope of conveying equipment includes pneumatic conveying, spiral conveying, pipe chain conveying, scraper conveying, elevators, etc.
At present, pneumatic conveying equipment dominates:
Pneumatic conveying, also known as airflow conveying, is a specific application of fluidization technology that utilizes the energy of airflow to transport granular materials along the direction of airflow in a closed pipeline. The pneumatic conveying equipment has a simple structure and is easy to operate. It can be used for horizontal, vertical, or inclined conveying. During the conveying process, it can also perform physical or chemical operations such as heating, cooling, drying, and airflow classification of materials simultaneously. Compared with mechanical conveying, this method consumes more energy, particles are easily damaged, and equipment is also susceptible to abrasion. Materials with high moisture content, adhesion, or easy to generate static electricity during high-speed movement are not suitable for pneumatic conveying.
The main characteristics of pneumatic conveying are large conveying capacity, long conveying distance, and high conveying speed, as well as;loading in one location but unloading in multiple locations.
According to the density of particles in the conveying pipeline, pneumatic conveying is divided into:
① Dilute pneumatic conveying: Solid content is less than 1−10 kg/m3, operating gas speed is relatively high (about 18−30 m/s), and the conveying distance is basically within 300 m. Combined with mature pump technology, the conveying operation is simple without mechanical rotating parts, the conveying pressure is low, and there is no maintenance or repair.
② Dense phase conveying: It is a conveying process with a solid content of 10−-30 kg/m3 or a solid to gas ratio greater than 25. The operating gas speed is low, and higher gas pressure is used for conveying. The mature pump technology ensures a conveying distance of over 500 m and is suitable for long-distance  conveying. However, this equipment has many valves and pneumatic and electric equipment. The conveying pressure is high, and all pipes need to use wear-resistant materials. For the iIntermittent inflatable tank-type  dense phase conveying,. iIt is to add particles into the pressure tanks in batches, then ventilate and loosen them. After reaching a certain pressure in the tank, the discharge valve is opened to blow the particles into the conveying pipe for conveying. Pulse conveying is the process of blowing a stream of compressed air into the lower tank to loosen the material, while another stream of pulse compressed airflow with a frequency of 20−40 min-1 is blown into the inlet of the feeding pipe, forming alternating small sections of material and gas columns inside the pipeline, which are pushed forward by air pressure.
③ Negative pressure conveying:
The pressure inside the pipeline is lower than atmospheric pressure, achieving self-suction feeding, but unloading is required under negative pressure, and the supported conveying distance is relatively short. Advantages: low equipment investment and load. Disadvantages: High operating flow rate, severe pipeline wear, and undetectable leaks caused by wear.
When conducting dilute phase conveying in a horizontal pipeline, the gas velocity should be higher to disperse and suspend particles in the airflow. When the gas velocity decreases to a certain critical value, particles will begin to deposit in the lower part of the pipe wall. This critical gas velocity is called deposition velocity and is the lower limit of gas velocity during dilute phase conveying in a horizontal manner. When the operating gas velocity is lower than this value, a deposition layer appears inside the pipe, the flow channel cross-section decreases, and the airflow above the deposition layer still operates at the deposition velocity.
For upward pneumatic conveying in vertical pipelines,particles are dispersed and suspended in the airflow when the gas velocity is high. When the particle conveying rate is constant, reducing the gas velocity increases the solid content in the pipeline. When the gas velocity drops to a certain critical value, the airflow can no longer evenly disperse dense particles, and the particles converge into a plunger shape, resulting in surging and a sharp increase in pressure drop. This critical velocity is called choking velocity, which is the lower limit of gas velocity when dilute phase is vertically conveyed upwards. For uniformly sized particles, the deposition velocity is roughly equal to the choking velocityrate. But for materials with a certain distribution of particle size, the deposition velocity will be 2-6 times the choking velocity.

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